node/doc/contributing/using-internal-errors.md

# Using the internal/errors.js module

## What is internal/errors.js

The `require('internal/errors')` module is an internal-only module that can be
used to produce `Error`, `TypeError` and `RangeError` instances that use a
static, permanent error code and an optionally parameterized message.

The intent of the module is to allow errors provided by Node.js to be assigned a
permanent identifier. Without a permanent identifier, userland code may need to
inspect error messages to distinguish one error from another. An unfortunate
result of that practice is that changes to error messages result in broken code
in the ecosystem. For that reason, Node.js has considered error message changes
to be breaking changes. By providing a permanent identifier for a specific
error, we reduce the need for userland code to inspect error messages.

Switching an existing error to use the `internal/errors` module must be
considered a `semver-major` change.

## Using internal/errors.js

The `internal/errors` module exposes all custom errors as subclasses of the
builtin errors. After being added, an error can be found in the `codes` object.

For instance, an existing `Error` such as:

```js
const err = new TypeError(`Expected string received ${type}`);
```

Can be replaced by first adding a new error key into the `internal/errors.js`
file:

```js
E('FOO', 'Expected string received %s', TypeError);
```

Then replacing the existing `new TypeError` in the code:

```js
const { FOO } = require('internal/errors').codes;
// ...
const err = new FOO(type);
```

## Adding new errors

New static error codes are added by modifying the `internal/errors.js` file
and appending the new error codes to the end using the utility `E()` method.

```js
E('EXAMPLE_KEY1', 'This is the error value', TypeError);
E('EXAMPLE_KEY2', (a, b) => `${a} ${b}`, RangeError);
```

The first argument passed to `E()` is the static identifier. The second
argument is either a String with optional `util.format()` style replacement
tags (e.g. `%s`, `%d`), or a function returning a String. The optional
additional arguments passed to the `errors.message()` function (which is
used by the `errors.Error`, `errors.TypeError` and `errors.RangeError` classes),
will be used to format the error message. The third argument is the base class
that the new error will extend.

It is possible to create multiple derived
classes by providing additional arguments. The other ones will be exposed as
properties of the main class:

<!-- eslint-disable no-unreachable -->

```js
E('EXAMPLE_KEY', 'Error message', TypeError, RangeError);

// In another module
const { EXAMPLE_KEY } = require('internal/errors').codes;
// TypeError
throw new EXAMPLE_KEY();
// RangeError
throw new EXAMPLE_KEY.RangeError();
```

## Documenting new errors

Whenever a new static error code is added and used, corresponding documentation
for the error code should be added to the `doc/api/errors.md` file. This will
give users a place to go to easily look up the meaning of individual error
codes.

In case `make lint` fails to detect the new error codes added into `errors.md`,
the markdown linting cache must be cleaned with `make lint-md-clean`.

## Testing new errors

When adding a new error, corresponding test(s) for the error message
formatting may also be required. If the message for the error is a
constant string then no test is required for the error message formatting
as we can trust the error helper implementation. An example of this kind of
error would be:

```js
E('ERR_SOCKET_ALREADY_BOUND', 'Socket is already bound');
```

If the error message is not a constant string then tests to validate
the formatting of the message based on the parameters used when
creating the error should be added to
`test/parallel/test-internal-errors.js`.  These tests should validate
all of the different ways parameters can be used to generate the final
message string. A simple example is:

```js
// Test ERR_TLS_CERT_ALTNAME_INVALID
assert.strictEqual(
  errors.message('ERR_TLS_CERT_ALTNAME_INVALID', ['altname']),
  'Hostname/IP does not match certificate\'s altnames: altname');
```

In addition, there should also be tests which validate the use of the
error based on where it is used in the codebase.  If the error message is
static, these tests should only validate that the expected code is received
and NOT validate the message.  This will reduce the amount of test change
required when the message for an error changes.

```js
assert.throws(() => {
  socket.bind();
}, common.expectsError({
  code: 'ERR_SOCKET_ALREADY_BOUND',
  type: Error,
}));
```

Avoid changing the format of the message after the error has been created.
If it does make sense to do this for some reason, then additional tests
validating the formatting of the error message for those cases will
likely be required.

## API

### Object: errors.codes

Exposes all internal error classes to be used by Node.js APIs.

### Method: errors.message(key, args)

* `key` {string} The static error identifier
* `args` {Array} Zero or more optional arguments passed as an Array
* Returns: {string}

Returns the formatted error message string for the given `key`.