node/doc/contributing/releases.md

Node.js release process

This document describes the technical aspects of the Node.js release process. The intended audience is those who have been authorized by the Node.js Technical Steering Committee (TSC) to create, promote, and sign official release builds for Node.js, hosted on https://nodejs.org/.

Table of contents

• Who can make a release?
  • 1. Jenkins release access
  • 2. <nodejs.org> access
  • 3. A publicly listed GPG key
• How to create a release
  • 0. Pre-release steps
  • 1. Update the staging branch
  • 2. Create a new branch for the release
  • 3. Update src/node_version.h
  • 4. Update the changelog
  • 5. Create release commit
  • 6. Propose release on GitHub
  • 7. Ensure that the release branch is stable
    • 7.1 Updating the release (optional)
  • 8. Produce a nightly build (optional)
  • 9. Produce release builds
  • 10. Test the build
  • 11. Tag and sign the release commit
  • 12. Set up for the next release
  • 13. Cherry-pick the release commit to main
  • 14. Push the release tag
  • 15. Promote and sign the release builds
  • 16. Check the release
  • 17. Create a blog post
  • 18. Create the release on GitHub
  • 19. Announce
  • 20. Celebrate
• LTS releases
• Major releases

Who can make a release?

Release authorization is given by the Node.js TSC. Once authorized, an individual must have the following:

1. Jenkins release access

There are three relevant Jenkins jobs that should be used for a release flow:

a. Test runs: node-test-pull-request is used for a final full-test run to ensure that the current HEAD is stable.

b. Nightly builds: (optional) iojs+release can be used to create a nightly release for the current HEAD if public test releases are required. Builds triggered with this job are published straight to https://nodejs.org/download/nightly/ and are available for public download.

c. Release builds: iojs+release does all of the work to build all required release assets. Promotion of the release files is a manual step once they are ready (see below).

The Node.js build team is able to provide this access to individuals authorized by the TSC.

2. <nodejs.org> access

The dist user on nodejs.org controls the assets available in https://nodejs.org/download/. https://nodejs.org/dist/ is an alias for https://nodejs.org/download/release/.

The Jenkins release build workers upload their artifacts to the web server as the staging user. The dist user has access to move these assets to public access while, for security, the staging user does not.

Nightly builds are promoted automatically on the server by a cron task for the dist user.

Release builds require manual promotion by an individual with SSH access to the server as the dist user. The Node.js build team is able to provide this access to individuals authorized by the TSC.

3. A publicly-listed GPG key

A SHASUMS256.txt file is produced for every promoted build, nightly, and releases. Additionally for releases, this file is signed by the individual responsible for that release. In order to be able to verify downloaded binaries, the public should be able to check that the SHASUMS256.txt file has been signed by someone who has been authorized to create a release.

The public keys should be fetchable from a known third-party keyserver. The OpenPGP keyserver at https://keys.openpgp.org/ is recommended. Use the submission form to submit a new public key, and make sure to verify the associated email. You'll need to do an ASCII-armored export of your key first:

gpg --armor --export email@server.com > ~/nodekey.asc

Keys should be fetchable via:

gpg --keyserver hkps://keys.openpgp.org --recv-keys <FINGERPRINT>

The key you use may be a child/subkey of an existing key.

Additionally, full GPG key fingerprints for individuals authorized to release should be listed in the Node.js GitHub README.md file.

How to create a release

Notes:

• Dates listed below as "YYYY-MM-DD" should be the date of the release as UTC. Use date -u +'%Y-%m-%d' to find out what this is.
• Version strings are listed below as "vx.y.z" or "x.y.z". Substitute for the release version.
• Examples will use the fictional release version 1.2.3.
• When preparing a security release, follow the security steps in the details sections.

0. Pre-release steps

Before preparing a Node.js release, the Build Working Group must be notified at least one business day in advance of the expected release. Coordinating with Build is essential to make sure that the CI works, release files are published, and the release blog post is available on the project website.

Build can be contacted best by opening up an issue on the Build issue tracker.

When preparing a security release, contact Build at least two weekdays in advance of the expected release. To ensure that the security patch(es) can be properly tested, run a node-test-pull-request job against the main branch of the nodejs-private/node-private repository a day or so before the CI lockdown procedure begins. This is to confirm that Jenkins can properly access the private repository.

1. Update the staging branch

Checkout the staging branch locally.

git remote update
git checkout v1.x-staging
git reset --hard upstream/v1.x-staging

If the staging branch is not up to date relative to main, bring the appropriate PRs and commits into it.

Go through PRs with the label vN.x. e.g. PRs with the v8.x label and baking-for-lts label if preparing a release for an LTS line.

For each PR:

• Run or check that there is a passing CI.
• Check approvals (you can approve yourself).
• Check that the commit metadata was not changed from the main commit.
• If there are merge conflicts, ask the PR author to rebase. Simple conflicts can be resolved when landing.
• If baking-for-lts is present, check if the PR is ready to be landed. If it is, remove the baking-for-lts label.

When landing the PR add the Backport-PR-URL: line to each commit. Close the backport PR with Landed in .... Update the label on the original PR from backport-requested-vN.x to backported-to-vN.x.

You can add the Backport-PR-URL metadata by using --backport with git node land

git node land --backport $PR-NUMBER

To determine the relevant commits, use branch-diff. The tool is available on npm and should be installed globally or run with npx. It depends on our commit metadata, as well as the GitHub labels such as semver-minor and semver-major. One drawback is that when the PR-URL metadata is accidentally omitted from a commit, the commit will show up because it's unsure if it's a duplicate or not.

For a list of commits that could be landed in a minor release on v1.x:

N=1 sh -c 'branch-diff v$N.x-staging upstream/main --exclude-label=semver-major,dont-land-on-v$N.x,backport-requested-v$N.x,backport-blocked-v$N.x,backport-open-v$N.x,backported-to-v$N.x --filter-release --format=simple'

If the target branch is an LTS line, you should also exclude the baking-for-lts:

N=1 sh -c 'branch-diff v$N.x-staging upstream/main --exclude-label=semver-major,dont-land-on-v$N.x,backport-requested-v$N.x,backport-blocked-v$N.x,backport-open-v$N.x,backported-to-v$N.x,baking-for-lts --filter-release --format=simple'

Previously released commits and version bumps do not need to be cherry-picked.

Carefully review the list of commits:

• Checking for errors (incorrect PR-URL)
• Checking semver status - Commits labeled as semver-minor or semver-major should only be cherry-picked when appropriate for the type of release being made.
• If you think it's risky and the change should wait for a while, add the baking-for-lts tag.

When you are ready to cherry-pick commits, you can automate with the following command.

N=1 sh -c 'branch-diff v$N.x-staging upstream/main --exclude-label=semver-major,dont-land-on-v$N.x,backport-requested-v$N.x,backport-blocked-v$N.x,backport-open-v$N.x,backported-to-v$N.x --filter-release --format=sha --reverse' | xargs git cherry-pick -S

If the target branch is an LTS line, you should also exclude the baking-for-lts:

N=1 sh -c 'branch-diff v$N.x-staging upstream/main --exclude-label=semver-major,dont-land-on-v$N.x,backport-requested-v$N.x,backport-blocked-v$N.x,backport-open-v$N.x,backported-to-v$N.x,baking-for-lts --filter-release --format=sha --reverse' | xargs git cherry-pick -S

^{For patch releases, make sure to add the semver-minor tag to exclude-label}

When cherry-picking commits, if there are simple conflicts you can resolve them. Otherwise, add the backport-requested-vN.x label to the original PR and post a comment stating that it does not land cleanly and will require a backport PR. You can refer the owner of the PR to the "Backporting to Release Lines" guide.

If commits were cherry-picked in this step, check that the test still pass.

make test

Then, push to the staging branch to keep it up-to-date.

git push upstream v1.x-staging

Security release

Security releases with private patches need to be prepared in the nodejs-private GitHub organization.

Add the nodejs-private remote:

git remote add private git@github.com:nodejs-private/node-private.git

For security releases, we generally try to only include the security patches. As there may already be commits on the vN.x-staging branch, it is preferable to checkout the vN.x branch and build up the release directly in a proposal branch.

$ git checkout vN.x
$ git reset --hard upstream/vN.x

The list of patches to include should be listed in the "Next Security Release" issue in nodejs-private. Ask the security release steward if you're unsure.

The git node land tool does not work with the nodejs-private organization. To land a PR in Node.js private, use git cherry-pick to apply each commit from the PR. You will also need to manually apply the PR metadata (PR-URL, Reviewed-by, etc.) by amending the commit messages. If known, additionally include CVE-ID: CVE-XXXX-XXXXX in the commit metadata.

Note: Do not run CI on the PRs in nodejs-private until CI is locked down. You can integrate the PRs into the proposal without running full CI.

2. Create a new branch for the release

⚠️ At this point, you can either run git node release --prepare:

git node release -S --prepare x.y.z

to automate the remaining steps until step 6 or you can perform it manually following the below steps.

---

Create a new branch named vx.y.z-proposal, off the corresponding staging branch.

git checkout -b v1.2.3-proposal upstream/v1.x-staging

Security release

When performing Security Releases, the vN.x.x-proposal branch should be branched off of vN.x.

$ git checkout -b v1.2.3-proposal upstream/v1.x
git cherry-pick  ...  # cherry-pick nodejs-private PR commits directly into the proposal

Be sure to label the CVE fixes as notable-change in the nodejs-private repository. This will ensure they are included in the "Notable Changes" section of the CHANGELOG.

3. Update src/node_version.h

Set the version for the proposed release using the following macros, which are already defined in src/node_version.h:

#define NODE_MAJOR_VERSION x
#define NODE_MINOR_VERSION y
#define NODE_PATCH_VERSION z

Set the NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE macro value to 1. This causes the build to be produced with a version string that does not have a trailing pre-release tag:

#define NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE 1

4. Update the changelog

Step 1: Collect the formatted list of changes

Collect a formatted list of commits since the last release. Use changelog-maker to do this:

changelog-maker --group --markdown

changelog-maker counts commits since the last tag and if the last tag in the repository was not on the current branch you may have to supply a --start-ref argument:

changelog-maker --group --markdown --filter-release --start-ref v1.2.2

--filter-release will remove the release commit from the previous release.

Step 2: Update the appropriate doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_*.md file

There is a separate CHANGELOG_Vx.md file for each major Node.js release line. These are located in the doc/changelogs/ directory. Once the formatted list of changes is collected, it must be added to the top of the relevant changelog file in the release branch (e.g. a release for Node.js v4 would be added to the /doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V4.md).

Please do not add the changelog entries to the root CHANGELOG.md file.

The new entry should take the following form:

<a id="x.y.x"></a>
## YYYY-MM-DD, Version x.y.z (Release Type), @releaser

### Notable changes

* List notable changes here
* ...

### Commits

* Include the full list of commits since the last release here. Do not include "Working on X.Y.Z+1" commits.

The release type should be either Current, LTS, or Maintenance, depending on the type of release being produced.

By default, the ### Notable changes section should be populated with the commits in the release that have either the notable-change or semver-minor label. Some semver-minor features may be determined by the releaser, or indicated by another contributor, to not be appropriate to be listed as a notable. The ultimate decision rests with the releaser.

You can use branch-diff to get a list of commits with the notable-change label:

branch-diff upstream/v1.x v1.2.3-proposal --require-label=notable-change --plaintext

Be sure that the <a> tag, as well as the two headings, are not indented at all.

Security release

For security releases, it is necessary to include more detailed information including which vulnerabilities have been fixed, and any revert flags or workarounds to revert to the old behavior.

You can use the following template as a guide:

<a id="x.y.x"></a>
## YYYY-MM-DD, Version x.y.z (Release Type), @releaser

This is a security release.

### Notable changes

* <CVE Title> (High|Medium|Low)(CVE-XXXX-XXXXX)
* ...

### Commits

* Include the full list of commits since the last release here. Do not include "Working on X.Y.Z+1" commits.

Alternatively, refer to one of the previous security release changelog entries to get an idea of the structure and level of detail.

For each fix, use your judgement as to whether a subheading is necessary to describe the fix in more detail. Much of this information should be able to be lifted from the "post-release" announcement (should be available in nodejs-private). If the CVE is being fixed in multiple release lines, try to coordinate the changelog content between the other release so the descriptions are consistent.

At the top of the root CHANGELOG.md file, there is a table indexing all releases in each major release line. A link to the new release needs to be added to it. Follow the existing examples and be sure to add the release to the top of the list. The most recent release for each release line is shown in bold in the index. When updating the index, please make sure to update the display accordingly by removing the bold styling from the previous release.

Run make format-md to ensure the CHANGELOG_Vx.md and CHANGELOG.md files are formatted correctly.

Step 3: Update any REPLACEME and DEP00XX tags in the docs

If this release includes new APIs then it is necessary to document that they were first added in this version. The relevant commits should already include REPLACEME tags as per the example in the docs README. Check for these tags with

grep REPLACEME doc/api/*.md

and substitute this node version with

sed -i "s/REPLACEME/$VERSION/g" doc/api/*.md

For macOS requires the extension to be specified.

sed -i "" "s/REPLACEME/$VERSION/g" doc/api/*.md

or

perl -pi -e "s/REPLACEME/$VERSION/g" doc/api/*.md

$VERSION should be prefixed with a v.

If this release includes any new deprecations it is necessary to ensure that those are assigned a proper static deprecation code. These are listed in the docs (see doc/api/deprecations.md) and in the source as DEP00XX. The code must be assigned a number (e.g. DEP0012). This assignment should occur when the PR is landed, but a check will be made when the release build is run.

5. Create release commit

The CHANGELOG.md, doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_Vx.md, src/node_version.h, and REPLACEME changes should be the final commit that will be tagged for the release. When committing these to git, use the following message format:

YYYY-MM-DD, Version x.y.z (Release Type)

Notable changes:

* Copy the notable changes list here, reformatted for plain-text

PR-URL: TBD

Security release

For security releases, begin the commit message with the phrase This is a security release. to allow the distribution indexer to identify it as such:

YYYY-MM-DD, Version x.y.z (Release Type)

This is a security release.

Notable changes:

* Copy the notable changes list here, reformatted for plain-text

PR-URL: TBD

Note: Ensure to push the proposal branch to the nodejs-private repository. Otherwise, you will leak the commits before the security release.

6. Propose release on GitHub

Push the release branch to nodejs/node, not to your own fork. This allows release branches to more easily be passed between members of the release team if necessary.

Create a pull request targeting the correct release line. For example, a v5.3.0-proposal PR should target v5.x, not main. Paste the CHANGELOG modifications into the body of the PR so that collaborators can see what is changing. These PRs should be left open for at least 24 hours, and can be updated as new commits land. If the CHANGELOG pasted into the pull request is long enough that it slows down the GitHub UI, consider pasting the commits into <details> tags or in follow up comments.

If using the <details> tag, use the following format:

<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>

* Full list of commits...
</details>

If you need any additional information about any of the commits, this PR is a good place to @-mention the relevant contributors.

After opening the PR, update the release commit to include PR-URL metadata and force-push the proposal.

Security release

If there are private security patches, remember to push and open the proposal in the nodejs-private GitHub repository.

7. Ensure that the release branch is stable

Run a node-test-pull-request test run to ensure that the build is stable and the HEAD commit is ready for release.

Also run a node-test-commit-v8-linux test run if the release contains changes to deps/v8.

Perform some smoke-testing. There is the citgm-smoker CI job for this purpose. Run it once with the base vx.x branch as a reference and with the proposal branch to check if new regressions could be introduced in the ecosystem.

Use ncu-ci to compare vx.x run (10) and proposal branch (11)

npm i -g @node-core/utils
ncu-ci citgm 10 11

Security release

If there are private security patches, do not run any CI jobs on the proposal until CI has been locked down. The security steward should be coordinating this with the Build Working Group.

7.1 Updating the release (optional)

Sometimes a release might be deferred to the subsequent day due to several conditions:

• Unstable CI
• Late CI completion

And when it happens, the CHANGELOG_Vx and the commit metadata needs to be updated according to the new target date.

However, if it's just the changelog/commit message that has changed since the last CI execution, there's no need to rerun CI, V8, or CITGM workflows. The PR still needs a clean GitHub action run, and the original CI, V8, and CITGM run should be in a visible comment.

There are some cases when a commit needs to be dropped or adjusted, consider using the following approach:

1. Update staging

git checkout v1.x-staging
git rebase -i $HASH_PREVIOUS_BAD_COMMIT
# ... drop or edit the bad commit(s)
git push -f upstream v1.x-staging

2. Rebase the proposal against the updated staging branch

git checkout v1.2.3-proposal
git checkout -b v1.2.3-proposal-tmp
git checkout v1.2.3-proposal

git reset --hard upstream/v1.x-staging
git cherry-pick v1.2.3-proposal-tmp

Note the tmp branch was created just to save the release commit.

3. Re-run changelog-maker and update the CHANGELOG_Vx to include the new Git SHAs. Remember to update the commit message if applicable.

8. Produce a nightly build (optional)

If there is a reason to produce a test release for the purpose of having others try out installers or specifics of builds, produce a nightly build using iojs+release and wait for it to drop in https://nodejs.org/download/nightly/. Follow the directions and enter a proper length commit SHA, enter a date string, and select "nightly" for "disttype".

This is particularly recommended if there has been recent work relating to the macOS or Windows installers as they are not tested in any way by CI.

Security release

Do not produce a release candidate build.

9. Produce release builds

Use iojs+release to produce release artifacts. Enter the commit that you want to build from and select "release" for "disttype".

Artifacts from each worker are uploaded to Jenkins and are available if further testing is required. Use this opportunity particularly to test macOS and Windows installers if there are any concerns. Click through to the individual workers for a run to find the artifacts.

All release workers should achieve "SUCCESS" (and be green, not red). A release with failures should not be promoted as there are likely problems to be investigated.

You can rebuild the release as many times as you need prior to promoting them if you encounter problems.

If you have an error on Windows and need to start again, be aware that you'll get immediate failure unless you wait up to 2 minutes for the linker to stop from previous jobs. i.e. if a build fails after having started compiling, that worker will still have a linker process that's running for another couple of minutes which will prevent Jenkins from clearing the workspace to start a new one. This isn't a big deal, it's just a hassle because it'll result in another failed build if you start again!

10. Test the build

Jenkins collects the artifacts from the builds, allowing you to download and install the new build. Make sure that the build appears correct. Check the version numbers, and perform some basic checks to confirm that all is well with the build before moving forward. Use the following list as a baseline:

• process.version is as expected
• process.release is as expected
• process.versions is as expected (for example, openssl or llhttp version must be in the expected updated version)
• npm version (check it matches what we expect)
• Run the test suite against the built binaries (optional)
  • Remember to use the proposal branch
  • Run make build-addons before running the tests
  • Remove config.gypi file

./tools/test.py --shell ~/Downloads/node-v18.5.0-linux-x64/bin/node

11. Tag and sign the release commit

Once you have produced builds that you're happy with you can either run git node release --promote

git node release -S --promote https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/XXXX

to automate the remaining steps until step 16 or you can perform it manually following the below steps.

---

Create a new tag: By waiting until this stage to create tags, you can discard a proposed release if something goes wrong or additional commits are required. Once you have created a tag and pushed it to GitHub, you must not delete and re-tag. If you make a mistake after tagging then you'll have to version-bump and start again and count that tag/version as lost.

Tag summaries have a predictable format. Look at a recent tag to see:

git tag -v v6.0.0

The message should look something like 2016-04-26 Node.js v6.0.0 (Current) Release.

Install git-secure-tag npm module:

npm install -g git-secure-tag

Ensure to disable --follow-tags in your git settings using: git config push.followTags false

If your private key is protected by a passphrase, you might need to run:

export GPG_TTY=$(tty)

before creating the tag.

To create a tag use the following command:

git secure-tag <vx.y.z> <commit-sha> -sm "YYYY-MM-DD Node.js vx.y.z (<release-type>) Release"

^{The commit-sha is the release commit. You can get it easily by running git rev-parse HEAD}

release-type is either "Current" or "LTS". For LTS releases, you should also include the release code name.

2019-10-22 Node.js v10.17.0 'Dubnium' (LTS) Release

The tag must be signed using the GPG key that's listed for you on the project README.

Note: Don't push the tag to remote at this point.

12. Set up for the next release

On release proposal branch, edit src/node_version.h again and:

• Increment NODE_PATCH_VERSION by one
• Change NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE back to 0

Commit this change with the following commit message format:

Working on vx.y.z # where 'z' is the incremented patch number

PR-URL: <full URL to your release proposal PR>

This sets up the branch so that nightly builds are produced with the next version number and a pre-release tag.

Merge your release proposal branch into the stable branch that you are releasing from and rebase the corresponding staging branch on top of that.

git checkout v1.x
git merge --ff-only v1.2.3-proposal
git push upstream v1.x
git checkout v1.x-staging
git rebase v1.x
git push upstream v1.x-staging

Security release

For security releases, you can start merging the release in the nodejs-private GitHub organization in advance by following the same steps:

git checkout v1.x
git merge --ff-only v1.2.3-proposal
git push private v1.x
git checkout v1.x-staging
git rebase v1.x
git push private v1.x-staging

Once all releasers are ready, you can push each of the branches to the public repository.

13. Cherry-pick the release commit to main

git checkout main
git pull upstream main
git cherry-pick --strategy-option=diff-algorithm=patience v1.x^

Git should stop to let you fix conflicts.

Revert all changes that were made to src/node_version.h:

git restore --source=upstream/main src/node_version.h

Major version release

On the main branch, instead of reverting changes made to src/node_version.h edit it instead and:

• Increment NODE_MAJOR_VERSION by one
• Reset NODE_PATCH_VERSION to 0
• Change NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE back to 0

Amend the current commit to apply the changes:

git commit --amend

Even if there are no conflicts, ensure that you revert all the changes that were made to src/node_version.h. NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE must be 0.

^{Edit src/node_version.h, revert NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE back to 0, and git commit --amend}

If there are conflicts in doc due to updated REPLACEME placeholders (that happens when a change previously landed on another release branch), keep both version numbers. Convert the YAML field to an array if it is not already one.

It's possible that the cherry-pick step will end up adding and/or changing unwanted lines, please validate the changes in doc/ folder files before confirming/continuing the cherry-pick step.

Then finish cherry-picking and push the commit upstream:

git add src/node_version.h doc
git diff --staged src doc # read output to validate that changes shows up as expected
git cherry-pick --continue
make lint-md && make lint-cpp
git push upstream main

Do not cherry-pick the "Working on vx.y.z" commit to main.

Security release

For security releases, you will also need to land the fixes on the main branch (if they apply there). Often, you can just cherry-pick the same commit that landed in the current security release which should already have the metadata.

It is useful to first push the patches to private/main to check that the GitHub actions runs pass, before pushing to upstream/main:

git checkout main
git reset --hard upstream/main
git cherry-pick ... # apply the patches which apply to main
git push private main # push to private main first run GitHub actions
git push upstream main

14. Push the release tag

Push the tag to the repository before you promote the builds. If you haven't pushed your tag first, then build promotion won't work properly. Push the tag using the following command:

git push upstream v1.2.3

Note: Please do not push the tag unless you are ready to complete the remainder of the release steps.

15. Promote and sign the release builds

The same individual who signed the release tag must be the one to promote the builds as the SHASUMS256.txt file needs to be signed with the same GPG key!

Use tools/release.sh to promote and sign the build. Before doing this, you'll need to ensure you've loaded the correct ssh key, or you'll see the following:

If your GPG key is protected by a password, you might need to run:

$ export GPG_TTY=$(tty)

# Checking for releases ...
Enter passphrase for key '/Users/<user>/.ssh/id_rsa':
dist@direct.nodejs.org's password:

The key can be loaded either with ssh-add:

# Substitute node_id_rsa with whatever you've named the key
ssh-add ~/.ssh/node_id_rsa

or at runtime with:

# Substitute node_id_rsa with whatever you've named the key
./tools/release.sh -i ~/.ssh/node_id_rsa

You can also specify a different ssh server address to connect to by defining a NODEJS_RELEASE_HOST environment variable:

# Substitute proxy.xyz with whatever address you intend to use
NODEJS_RELEASE_HOST=proxy.xyz ./tools/release.sh

!TIP]
Sometimes, due to machines being overloaded or other external factors,
the files at <https://nodejs.org/dist/index.json>, <https://nodejs.org/dist/index.tab>
or `SHASUMS256.txt` may not be generated correctly.
In this case you can repeat the signing step in order
to fix it. e.g: `./tools/release.sh -s`.

tools/release.sh will perform the following actions when run:

a. Select a GPG key from your private keys. It will use a command similar to: gpg --list-secret-keys to list your keys. If you don't have any keys, it will bail. If you have only one key, it will use that. If you have more than one key it will ask you to select one from the list. Be sure to use the same key that you signed your git tag with.

b. Log in to the server via SSH and check for releases that can be promoted, along with the list of artifacts. It will use the dist-promotable command on the server to find these. You will be asked, for each promotable release, whether you want to proceed. If there is more than one release to promote (there shouldn't be), be sure to only promote the release you are responsible for.

c. Log in to the server via SSH and run the promote script for the given release. The command on the server will be similar to: dist-promote vx.y.z. After this step, the release artifacts will be available for download and a SHASUMS256.txt file will be present. The release will still be unsigned, however.

d. Use scp to download SHASUMS256.txt to a temporary directory on your computer.

e. Sign the SHASUMS256.txt file using a command similar to: gpg --default-key YOURKEY --digest-algo SHA256 --clearsign /path/to/SHASUMS256.txt. You will be prompted by GPG for your password. The signed file will be named SHASUMS256.txt.asc.

f. Output an ASCII armored version of your public GPG key using a command similar to: gpg --default-key YOURKEY --digest-algo SHA256 --detach-sign /path/to/SHASUMS256.txt. You will be prompted by GPG for your password. The signed file will be named SHASUMS256.txt.sig.

g. Upload the SHASUMS256.txt files back to the server into the release directory.

It is possible to only sign a release by running ./tools/release.sh -s vX.Y.Z.

16. Check the release

Your release should be available at https://nodejs.org/dist/vx.y.z/ and https://nodejs.org/dist/latest/. Check that the appropriate files are in place. You may want to check that the binaries are working as appropriate and have the right internal version strings. Check that the API docs are available at https://nodejs.org/api/. Check that the release catalog files are correct at https://nodejs.org/dist/index.tab and https://nodejs.org/dist/index.json.

17. Create a blog post

There is an automatic build that is kicked off when you promote new builds, so within a few minutes nodejs.org will be listing your new version as the latest release. However, the blog post is not yet fully automatic.

Create a new blog post by running the nodejs.org release-post.js script:

node ./apps/site/scripts/release-post/index.mjs x.y.z

This script will use the promoted builds and changelog to generate the post. Run npm run serve to preview the post locally before pushing to the nodejs.org repository.

• You can add a short blurb just under the main heading if you want to say something important, otherwise the text should be publication ready.

• The links to the download files won't be complete unless you waited for the ARMv6 builds. Any downloads that are missing will have *Coming soon* next to them. It's your responsibility to manually update these later when you have the outstanding builds.

• The SHASUMS256.txt.asc content is at the bottom of the post. When you update the list of tarballs you'll need to copy/paste the new contents of this file to reflect those changes.

• Always use pull-requests on the nodejs.org repository. Be respectful of the website team, but you do not have to wait for PR sign-off. Please use the following commit message format:

  Blog: vX.Y.Z release post
  
  Refs: <full URL to your release proposal PR>
  

• In order to trigger the CI Checks of the nodejs.org repository; Please attach the github_actions:pull-request label to the PR.

• Changes to the base branch, main, on the nodejs.org repository will trigger a new build of nodejs.org, so your changes should appear a few minutes after pushing. You can follow the Deployments page to see when the build finishes and gets published.

18. Create the release on GitHub

• Go to the New release page.
• Select the tag version you pushed earlier.
• For release title, copy the title from the changelog.
• For the description, copy the rest of the changelog entry.
• If you are not releasing the latest "Current", uncheck "Set as the latest release".
• Click on the "Publish release" button.

19. Announce

The nodejs.org website will automatically rebuild and include the new version. To announce the build on Twitter through the official @nodejs account, email pr@nodejs.org with a message such as:

v5.8.0 of @nodejs is out: https://nodejs.org/en/blog/release/v5.8.0/ … something here about notable changes

To ensure communication goes out with the timing of the blog post, please allow 24 hour prior notice. If known, please include the date and time the release will be shared with the community in the email to coordinate these announcements.

Ping the IRC ops and the other Partner Communities liaisons.

Security release

Let the security release steward know the releases are available.

20. Celebrate

In whatever form you do this...

LTS Releases

Marking a release line as LTS

The process of marking a release line as LTS has been automated using @node-core/utils.

Start by checking out the staging branch for the release line that is going to be marked as LTS, e.g:

git checkout v1.x-staging

Next, make sure you have @node-core/utils installed:

npm i -g @node-core/utils

Run the prepare LTS release command:

git node release --prepare --startLTS

Manual steps for reference.

To mark a release line as LTS, the following changes must be made to src/node_version.h:

• The NODE_MINOR_VERSION macro must be incremented by one
• The NODE_PATCH_VERSION macro must be set to 0
• The NODE_VERSION_IS_LTS macro must be set to 1
• The NODE_VERSION_LTS_CODENAME macro must be set to the code name selected for the LTS release.

For example:

-#define NODE_MINOR_VERSION 12
-#define NODE_PATCH_VERSION 1
+#define NODE_MINOR_VERSION 13
+#define NODE_PATCH_VERSION 0

-#define NODE_VERSION_IS_LTS 0
-#define NODE_VERSION_LTS_CODENAME ""
+#define NODE_VERSION_IS_LTS 1
+#define NODE_VERSION_LTS_CODENAME "Erbium"

-#define NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE 0
+#define NODE_VERSION_IS_RELEASE 1

The changes must be made as part of a new semver-minor release.

Updating changelogs to properly reflect the changes between Current and Long Term Support is also necessary, along with adding a reference to the current LTS codename in its release line changelog file.

The test/parallel/test-process-release.js file might also need to be updated.

In case you can not run the automated @node-core/utils command and you are currently running these steps manually it's a good idea to refer to previous LTS proposal PRs and make sure all required changes are covered.

Update release labels

The lts-watch-vN.x issue label must be created, with the same color as other existing labels for that release line, such as vN.x.

If the release is transitioning from Active LTS to Maintenance, the backport-requested-vN.x label must be deleted.

Add new codename to nodejs-latest-linker

In order to make sure a download URL (e.g: https://nodejs.org/download/release/latest-codename/) will be available for the new LTS release line you need to submit a PR to https://github.com/nodejs/nodejs-latest-linker and add a new entry for the new LTS codename in its ltsNames map located in the ./common.js file.

Make sure to reach out to the Build WG in order to validate that the new URL is available as part of the LTS release promotion.

Update Release repo info

Add the new LTS codename to the release schedule table located in the ./README.md file located at the https://github.com/nodejs/Release repository along with the addition of the new codename to the ./schedule.json file in that same repo.

Major releases

The process for cutting a new Node.js major release has a number of differences from cutting a minor or patch release.

Schedule

New Node.js Major releases happen twice per year:

• Even-numbered releases are cut in April.
• Odd-numbered releases are cut in October.

Major releases should be targeted for the third Tuesday of the release month.

A major release must not slip beyond the release month. In other words, major releases must not slip into May or November.

The @nodejs/releasers make a call for releasers 3 months in advance. Currently, this call is automated in the #nodejs-release-private Slack channel.

The release date for the next major release should be announced immediately following the current release (e.g. the release date for 13.0.0 should be announced immediately following the release of 12.0.0).

Release branch

Approximately two months before a major release, new vN.x and vN.x-staging branches (where N indicates the major release) should be created as forks of the main branch. Up until the cut-off date announced by the releaser, these must be kept in sync with main.

The vN.x and vN.x-staging branches must be kept in sync with one another up until the date of the release.

If a SEMVER-MAJOR pull request lands on the default branch within one month prior to the major release date, it must not be included on the new major staging branch, unless there is consensus from the Node.js releasers team to do so. This measure aims to ensure better stability for the release candidate (RC) phase, which begins approximately two weeks prior to the official release. By restricting SEMVER-MAJOR commits in this period, we provide more time for thorough testing and reduce the potential for major breakages, especially in LTS lines.

Create release labels

The following issue labels must be created:

• vN.x
• backport-blocked-vN.x
• backport-open-vN.x
• backport-requested-vN.x
• backported-to-vN.x
• dont-land-on-vN.x

The label description can be copied from existing labels of previous releases. The label color must be the same for all new labels, but different from the labels of previous releases.

Release proposal

A draft release proposal should be created 6 weeks before the release. A separate vN.x-proposal branch should be created that tracks the vN.x branch. This branch will contain the draft release commit (with the draft changelog).

Notify the @nodejs/npm team in the release proposal PR to inform them of the upcoming release. npm maintains a list of supported versions that will need updating to include the new major release.

To keep the branch in sync until the release date, it can be as simple as doing the following:

Make sure to check that there are no PRs with the label dont-land-on-vX.x.

git checkout vN.x
git reset --hard upstream/main
git checkout vN.x-staging
git reset --hard upstream/main
git push upstream vN.x
git push upstream vN.x-staging

Update NODE_MODULE_VERSION

This macro in src/node_version.h is used to signal an ABI version for native addons. It currently has two common uses in the community:

• Determining what API to work against for compiling native addons, e.g. NAN uses it to form a compatibility-layer for much of what it wraps.
• Determining the ABI for downloading pre-built binaries of native addons, e.g. node-pre-gyp uses this value as exposed via process.versions.modules to help determine the appropriate binary to download at install-time.

The general rule is to bump this version when there are breaking ABI changes and also if there are non-trivial API changes. The rules are not yet strictly defined, so if in doubt, please confer with someone that will have a more informed perspective, such as a member of the NAN team.

A registry of currently used NODE_MODULE_VERSION values is maintained at https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/HEAD/doc/abi_version_registry.json. When bumping NODE_MODULE_VERSION, you should choose a new value not listed in the registry. Also include a change to the registry in your commit to reflect the newly used value. Ensure that the release commit removes the -pre suffix for the major version being prepared.

It is current TSC policy to bump major version when ABI changes. If you see a need to bump NODE_MODULE_VERSION outside of a major release then you should consult the TSC. Commits may need to be reverted or a major version bump may need to happen.

Test releases and release candidates

Test builds should be generated from the vN.x-proposal branch starting at about 6 weeks before the release.

Release Candidates should be generated from the vN.x-proposal branch starting at about 4 weeks before the release, with a target of one release candidate per week.

Always run test releases and release candidates through the Canary in the Goldmine tool for additional testing.

Changelogs

Generating major release changelogs is a bit more involved than minor and patch changelogs.

Create the changelog file

In the doc/changelogs directory, create a new CHANGELOG_V{N}.md file where {N} is the major version of the release. Follow the structure of the existing CHANGELOG_V*.md files.

The navigation headers in all of the CHANGELOG_V*.md files must be updated to account for the new CHANGELOG_V{N}.md file.

Once the file is created, the root CHANGELOG.md file must be updated to reference the newly-created major release CHANGELOG_V{N}.md.

Generate the changelog

To generate a proper major release changelog, use the branch-diff tool to compare the vN.x branch against the vN-1.x branch (e.g. for Node.js 12.0, we compare the v12.x branch against the up to date v11.x branch). Make sure that the local copy of the downlevel branch is up to date.

The commits in the generated changelog must then be organized:

• Remove all release commits from the list
• Remove all reverted commits and their reverts
• Separate all SEMVER-MAJOR, SEMVER-MINOR, and SEMVER-PATCH commits into lists

$ branch-diff upstream/vN-1.x upstream/vN.x --require-label=semver-major --group --filter-release  # get all majors
$ branch-diff upstream/vN-1.x upstream/vN.x --require-label=semver-minor --group --filter-release  # get all minors
$ branch-diff upstream/vN-1.x upstream/vN.x --exclude-label=semver-major,semver-minor --group --filter-release  # get all patches

Generate the notable changes

For a major release, all SEMVER-MAJOR commits that are not strictly internal, test, or doc-related are to be listed as notable changes. Some SEMVER-MINOR commits may be listed as notable changes on a case-by-case basis. Use your judgment there.

Update the expected assets

The promotion script does a basic check that the expected files are present. Open a pull request in the Build repository to add the list of expected files for the new release line as a new file, v{N}.x (where {N} is the major version of the release), in the expected assets folder. The change will need to be deployed onto the web server by a member of the build-infra team before the release is promoted.

Snap

The Node.js Snap package has a "default" for installs where the user hasn't specified a release line ("track" in Snap terminology). This should be updated to point to the most recently activated LTS. A member of the Node.js Build Infrastructure team is able to perform the switch of the default. An issue should be opened on the Node.js Snap management repository requesting this take place once a new LTS line has been released.