diff --git a/lib/internal/main/worker_thread.js b/lib/internal/main/worker_thread.js
index aa329b9fe04..32bccca9b53 100644
--- a/lib/internal/main/worker_thread.js
+++ b/lib/internal/main/worker_thread.js
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ port.on('message', (message) => {
       filename,
       hasStdin,
       publicPort,
+      hooksPort,
       workerData,
     } = message;
 
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ port.on('message', (message) => {
     }
 
     require('internal/worker').assignEnvironmentData(environmentData);
+    require('internal/worker').hooksPort = hooksPort;
 
     if (SharedArrayBuffer !== undefined) {
       // The counter is only passed to the workers created by the main thread,
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
index ba655116a0b..f5833ad61cd 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ const {
 const { exitCodes: { kUnsettledTopLevelAwait } } = internalBinding('errors');
 const { URL } = require('internal/url');
 const { canParse: URLCanParse } = internalBinding('url');
-const { receiveMessageOnPort } = require('worker_threads');
+const { receiveMessageOnPort, isMainThread } = require('worker_threads');
 const {
   isAnyArrayBuffer,
   isArrayBufferView,
@@ -482,6 +482,8 @@ class HooksProxy {
    */
   #worker;
 
+  #portToHooksThread;
+
   /**
    * The last notification ID received from the worker. This is used to detect
    * if the worker has already sent a notification before putting the main
@@ -499,26 +501,38 @@ class HooksProxy {
   #isReady = false;
 
   constructor() {
-    const { InternalWorker } = require('internal/worker');
-    MessageChannel ??= require('internal/worker/io').MessageChannel;
-
+    const { InternalWorker, hooksPort } = require('internal/worker');
     const lock = new SharedArrayBuffer(SHARED_MEMORY_BYTE_LENGTH);
     this.#lock = new Int32Array(lock);
 
-    this.#worker = new InternalWorker(loaderWorkerId, {
-      stderr: false,
-      stdin: false,
-      stdout: false,
-      trackUnmanagedFds: false,
-      workerData: {
-        lock,
-      },
-    });
-    this.#worker.unref(); // ! Allows the process to eventually exit.
-    this.#worker.on('exit', process.exit);
+    if (isMainThread) {
+      // Main thread is the only one that creates the internal single hooks worker
+      this.#worker = new InternalWorker(loaderWorkerId, {
+        stderr: false,
+        stdin: false,
+        stdout: false,
+        trackUnmanagedFds: false,
+        workerData: {
+          lock,
+        },
+      });
+      this.#worker.unref(); // ! Allows the process to eventually exit.
+      this.#worker.on('exit', process.exit);
+      this.#portToHooksThread = this.#worker;
+    } else {
+      this.#portToHooksThread = hooksPort;
+    }
   }
 
   waitForWorker() {
+    // There is one Hooks instance for each worker thread. But only one of these Hooks instances
+    // has an InternalWorker. That was the Hooks instance created for the main thread.
+    // It means for all Hooks instances that are not on the main thread => they are ready because they
+    // delegate to the single InternalWorker anyway.
+    if (!isMainThread) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (!this.#isReady) {
       const { kIsOnline } = require('internal/worker');
       if (!this.#worker[kIsOnline]) {
@@ -535,6 +549,37 @@ class HooksProxy {
     }
   }
 
+  #postMessageToWorker(method, type, transferList, args) {
+    this.waitForWorker();
+
+    MessageChannel ??= require('internal/worker/io').MessageChannel;
+
+    const {
+      port1: fromHooksThread,
+      port2: toHooksThread,
+    } = new MessageChannel();
+
+    // Pass work to the worker.
+    debug(`post ${type} message to worker`, { method, args, transferList });
+    const usedTransferList = [toHooksThread];
+    if (transferList) {
+      ArrayPrototypePushApply(usedTransferList, transferList);
+    }
+
+    this.#portToHooksThread.postMessage(
+      {
+        __proto__: null,
+        args,
+        lock: this.#lock,
+        method,
+        port: toHooksThread,
+      },
+      usedTransferList,
+    );
+
+    return fromHooksThread;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Invoke a remote method asynchronously.
    * @param {string} method Method to invoke
@@ -543,22 +588,7 @@ class HooksProxy {
    * @returns {Promise<any>}
    */
   async makeAsyncRequest(method, transferList, ...args) {
-    this.waitForWorker();
-
-    MessageChannel ??= require('internal/worker/io').MessageChannel;
-    const asyncCommChannel = new MessageChannel();
-
-    // Pass work to the worker.
-    debug('post async message to worker', { method, args, transferList });
-    const finalTransferList = [asyncCommChannel.port2];
-    if (transferList) {
-      ArrayPrototypePushApply(finalTransferList, transferList);
-    }
-    this.#worker.postMessage({
-      __proto__: null,
-      method, args,
-      port: asyncCommChannel.port2,
-    }, finalTransferList);
+    const fromHooksThread = this.#postMessageToWorker(method, 'Async', transferList, args);
 
     if (this.#numberOfPendingAsyncResponses++ === 0) {
       // On the next lines, the main thread will await a response from the worker thread that might
@@ -567,7 +597,11 @@ class HooksProxy {
       // However we want to keep the process alive until the worker thread responds (or until the
       // event loop of the worker thread is also empty), so we ref the worker until we get all the
       // responses back.
-      this.#worker.ref();
+      if (this.#worker) {
+        this.#worker.ref();
+      } else {
+        this.#portToHooksThread.ref();
+      }
     }
 
     let response;
@@ -576,18 +610,26 @@ class HooksProxy {
       await AtomicsWaitAsync(this.#lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION, this.#workerNotificationLastId).value;
       this.#workerNotificationLastId = AtomicsLoad(this.#lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION);
 
-      response = receiveMessageOnPort(asyncCommChannel.port1);
+      response = receiveMessageOnPort(fromHooksThread);
     } while (response == null);
     debug('got async response from worker', { method, args }, this.#lock);
 
     if (--this.#numberOfPendingAsyncResponses === 0) {
       // We got all the responses from the worker, its job is done (until next time).
-      this.#worker.unref();
+      if (this.#worker) {
+        this.#worker.unref();
+      } else {
+        this.#portToHooksThread.unref();
+      }
     }
 
-    const body = this.#unwrapMessage(response);
-    asyncCommChannel.port1.close();
-    return body;
+    if (response.message.status === 'exit') {
+      process.exit(response.message.body);
+    }
+
+    fromHooksThread.close();
+
+    return this.#unwrapMessage(response);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -598,11 +640,7 @@ class HooksProxy {
    * @returns {any}
    */
   makeSyncRequest(method, transferList, ...args) {
-    this.waitForWorker();
-
-    // Pass work to the worker.
-    debug('post sync message to worker', { method, args, transferList });
-    this.#worker.postMessage({ __proto__: null, method, args }, transferList);
+    const fromHooksThread = this.#postMessageToWorker(method, 'Sync', transferList, args);
 
     let response;
     do {
@@ -611,7 +649,7 @@ class HooksProxy {
       AtomicsWait(this.#lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION, this.#workerNotificationLastId);
       this.#workerNotificationLastId = AtomicsLoad(this.#lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION);
 
-      response = this.#worker.receiveMessageSync();
+      response = receiveMessageOnPort(fromHooksThread);
     } while (response == null);
     debug('got sync response from worker', { method, args });
     if (response.message.status === 'never-settle') {
@@ -619,6 +657,9 @@ class HooksProxy {
     } else if (response.message.status === 'exit') {
       process.exit(response.message.body);
     }
+
+    fromHooksThread.close();
+
     return this.#unwrapMessage(response);
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
index 8fbcb56aa65..5eb7cd17d02 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ const { ModuleWrap, kEvaluating, kEvaluated } = internalBinding('module_wrap');
 const {
   urlToFilename,
 } = require('internal/modules/helpers');
+const { isMainThread } = require('worker_threads');
 let defaultResolve, defaultLoad, defaultLoadSync, importMetaInitializer;
 
 /**
@@ -607,10 +608,11 @@ class CustomizedModuleLoader {
    */
   constructor() {
     getHooksProxy();
+    _hasCustomizations = true;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Register some loader specifier.
+   * Register a loader specifier.
    * @param {string} originalSpecifier The specified URL path of the loader to
    *                                   be registered.
    * @param {string} parentURL The parent URL from where the loader will be
@@ -618,10 +620,14 @@ class CustomizedModuleLoader {
    * @param {any} [data] Arbitrary data to be passed from the custom loader
    * (user-land) to the worker.
    * @param {any[]} [transferList] Objects in `data` that are changing ownership
-   * @returns {{ format: string, url: URL['href'] }}
+   * @returns {{ format: string, url: URL['href'] } | undefined}
    */
   register(originalSpecifier, parentURL, data, transferList) {
-    return hooksProxy.makeSyncRequest('register', transferList, originalSpecifier, parentURL, data);
+    if (isMainThread) {
+      // Only the main thread has a Hooks instance with worker thread. All other Worker threads
+      // delegate their hooks to the HooksThread of the main thread.
+      return hooksProxy.makeSyncRequest('register', transferList, originalSpecifier, parentURL, data);
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -719,6 +725,12 @@ function getHooksProxy() {
   return hooksProxy;
 }
 
+let _hasCustomizations = false;
+function hasCustomizations() {
+  return _hasCustomizations;
+}
+
+
 let cascadedLoader;
 
 /**
@@ -780,6 +792,7 @@ function register(specifier, parentURL = undefined, options) {
 
 module.exports = {
   createModuleLoader,
+  hasCustomizations,
   getHooksProxy,
   getOrInitializeCascadedLoader,
   register,
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/worker.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/worker.js
index 311d77fb099..088667f3c0d 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/worker.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/worker.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 'use strict';
 
 const {
+  ArrayPrototypeFilter,
+  ArrayPrototypePush,
   AtomicsAdd,
   AtomicsNotify,
   DataViewPrototypeGetBuffer,
@@ -97,7 +99,21 @@ async function customizedModuleWorker(lock, syncCommPort, errorHandler) {
     // so it can detect the exit event.
     const { exit } = process;
     process.exit = function(code) {
-      syncCommPort.postMessage(wrapMessage('exit', code ?? process.exitCode));
+      const exitMsg = wrapMessage('exit', code ?? process.exitCode);
+      if (hooks) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < allThreadRegisteredHandlerPorts.length; i++) {
+          const { port: registeredPort } = allThreadRegisteredHandlerPorts[i];
+          registeredPort.postMessage(exitMsg);
+        }
+
+        for (const { port, lock: operationLock } of unsettledResponsePorts) {
+          port.postMessage(exitMsg);
+          // Wake all threads that have pending operations.
+          AtomicsAdd(operationLock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION, 1);
+          AtomicsNotify(operationLock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION);
+        }
+      }
+      syncCommPort.postMessage(exitMsg);
       AtomicsAdd(lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION, 1);
       AtomicsNotify(lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION);
       return ReflectApply(exit, this, arguments);
@@ -145,8 +161,11 @@ async function customizedModuleWorker(lock, syncCommPort, errorHandler) {
   const unsettledResponsePorts = new SafeSet();
 
   process.on('beforeExit', () => {
-    for (const port of unsettledResponsePorts) {
+    for (const { port, lock: operationLock } of unsettledResponsePorts) {
       port.postMessage(wrapMessage('never-settle'));
+      // Wake all threads that have pending operations.
+      AtomicsAdd(operationLock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION, 1);
+      AtomicsNotify(operationLock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION);
     }
     unsettledResponsePorts.clear();
 
@@ -164,24 +183,59 @@ async function customizedModuleWorker(lock, syncCommPort, errorHandler) {
     setImmediate(() => {});
   });
 
+  let allThreadRegisteredHandlerPorts = [];
+  /**
+   * @callback registerHandler
+   * @param {MessagePort} toWorkerThread - Upon Worker creation a message channel between the new Worker
+   * and the Hooks thread is being initialized. This is the MessagePort that the Hooks thread will use post
+   * messages to the worker. The other MessagePort is passed to the new Worker itself via LOAD_SCRIPT message
+   */
+  function registerHandler(toWorkerThread, registeredThreadId) {
+    toWorkerThread.on('message', handleMessage);
+    ArrayPrototypePush(allThreadRegisteredHandlerPorts, { port: toWorkerThread, registeredThreadId });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @callback registerHandler
+   * @param {number} unregisteredThreadId - the thread id of the worker thread that is being unregistered
+   * from the Hooks Thread
+   */
+  function unregisterHandler(unregisteredThreadId) {
+    allThreadRegisteredHandlerPorts = ArrayPrototypeFilter(
+      allThreadRegisteredHandlerPorts, (el) => el.registeredThreadId !== unregisteredThreadId);
+  }
+
+  function getMessageHandler(method) {
+    if (method === '#registerWorkerClient') {
+      return registerHandler;
+    }
+    if (method === '#unregisterWorkerClient') {
+      return unregisterHandler;
+    }
+    return hooks[method];
+  }
+
   /**
    * Handles incoming messages from the main thread or other workers.
    * @param {object} options - The options object.
    * @param {string} options.method - The name of the hook.
    * @param {Array} options.args - The arguments to pass to the method.
    * @param {MessagePort} options.port - The message port to use for communication.
+   * @param {Int32Array} options.lock - The shared memory where the caller expects to get awaken.
    */
-  async function handleMessage({ method, args, port }) {
+  async function handleMessage({ method, args, port, lock: msgLock }) {
     // Each potential exception needs to be caught individually so that the correct error is sent to
     // the main thread.
     let hasError = false;
     let shouldRemoveGlobalErrorHandler = false;
-    assert(typeof hooks[method] === 'function');
+    const messageHandler = getMessageHandler(method);
+    assert(typeof messageHandler === 'function');
     if (port == null && !hasUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback()) {
       // When receiving sync messages, we want to unlock the main thread when there's an exception.
       process.on('uncaughtException', errorHandler);
       shouldRemoveGlobalErrorHandler = true;
     }
+    const usedLock = msgLock ?? lock;
 
     // We are about to yield the execution with `await ReflectApply` below. In case the code
     // following the `await` never runs, we remove the message handler so the `beforeExit` event
@@ -192,17 +246,19 @@ async function customizedModuleWorker(lock, syncCommPort, errorHandler) {
     clearImmediate(immediate);
     immediate = setImmediate(checkForMessages).unref();
 
-    unsettledResponsePorts.add(port ?? syncCommPort);
+    const unsettledActionData = { port: port ?? syncCommPort, lock: usedLock };
+
+    unsettledResponsePorts.add(unsettledActionData);
 
     let response;
     try {
-      response = await ReflectApply(hooks[method], hooks, args);
+      response = await ReflectApply(messageHandler, hooks, args);
     } catch (exception) {
       hasError = true;
       response = exception;
     }
 
-    unsettledResponsePorts.delete(port ?? syncCommPort);
+    unsettledResponsePorts.delete(unsettledActionData);
 
     // Send the method response (or exception) to the main thread.
     try {
@@ -215,8 +271,8 @@ async function customizedModuleWorker(lock, syncCommPort, errorHandler) {
       (port ?? syncCommPort).postMessage(wrapMessage('error', exception));
     }
 
-    AtomicsAdd(lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION, 1);
-    AtomicsNotify(lock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION);
+    AtomicsAdd(usedLock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION, 1);
+    AtomicsNotify(usedLock, WORKER_TO_MAIN_THREAD_NOTIFICATION);
     if (shouldRemoveGlobalErrorHandler) {
       process.off('uncaughtException', errorHandler);
     }
diff --git a/lib/internal/worker.js b/lib/internal/worker.js
index 9eefaa97021..766659d4464 100644
--- a/lib/internal/worker.js
+++ b/lib/internal/worker.js
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class Worker extends EventEmitter {
   constructor(filename, options = kEmptyObject) {
     throwIfBuildingSnapshot('Creating workers');
     super();
-    const isInternal = arguments[2] === kIsInternal;
+    const isInternal = this.#isInternal = arguments[2] === kIsInternal;
     debug(
       `[${threadId}] create new worker`,
       filename,
@@ -258,6 +258,15 @@ class Worker extends EventEmitter {
                          ...new SafeArrayIterator(options.transferList));
 
     this[kPublicPort] = port1;
+    const {
+      port1: toWorkerThread,
+      port2: toHooksThread,
+    } = new MessageChannel();
+    if (!isInternal) {
+      // This is not an internal hooks thread => it needs a channel to the hooks thread:
+      // - send it one side of a channel here
+      ArrayPrototypePush(transferList, toHooksThread);
+    }
     ArrayPrototypeForEach(['message', 'messageerror'], (event) => {
       this[kPublicPort].on(event, (message) => this.emit(event, message));
     });
@@ -272,8 +281,20 @@ class Worker extends EventEmitter {
       workerData: options.workerData,
       environmentData,
       publicPort: port2,
+      hooksPort: !isInternal ? toHooksThread : undefined,
       hasStdin: !!options.stdin,
     }, transferList);
+
+    const loaderModule = require('internal/modules/esm/loader');
+    const hasCustomizations = loaderModule.hasCustomizations();
+
+    if (!isInternal && hasCustomizations) {
+      // - send the second side of the channel to the hooks thread,
+      // also announce the threadId of the Worker that will use that port.
+      // This is needed for the cleanup stage
+      loaderModule.getHooksProxy().makeSyncRequest(
+        '#registerWorkerClient', [toWorkerThread], toWorkerThread, this.threadId);
+    }
     // Use this to cache the Worker's loopStart value once available.
     this[kLoopStartTime] = -1;
     this[kIsOnline] = false;
@@ -293,6 +314,12 @@ class Worker extends EventEmitter {
 
   [kOnExit](code, customErr, customErrReason) {
     debug(`[${threadId}] hears end event for Worker ${this.threadId}`);
+    const loaderModule = require('internal/modules/esm/loader');
+    const hasCustomizations = loaderModule.hasCustomizations();
+
+    if (!this.#isInternal && hasCustomizations) {
+      loaderModule.getHooksProxy()?.makeAsyncRequest('#unregisterWorkerClient', undefined, this.threadId);
+    }
     drainMessagePort(this[kPublicPort]);
     drainMessagePort(this[kPort]);
     this.removeAllListeners('message');
@@ -435,6 +462,8 @@ class Worker extends EventEmitter {
     return makeResourceLimits(this[kHandle].getResourceLimits());
   }
 
+  #isInternal = false;
+
   getHeapSnapshot(options) {
     const {
       HeapSnapshotStream,
@@ -532,6 +561,7 @@ module.exports = {
   kIsOnline,
   isMainThread,
   SHARE_ENV,
+  hooksPort: undefined,
   resourceLimits:
     !isMainThread ? makeResourceLimits(resourceLimitsRaw) : {},
   setEnvironmentData,
diff --git a/src/handle_wrap.cc b/src/handle_wrap.cc
index 69e2a389f9e..1fbe0178c7a 100644
--- a/src/handle_wrap.cc
+++ b/src/handle_wrap.cc
@@ -148,9 +148,11 @@ void HandleWrap::OnClose(uv_handle_t* handle) {
   wrap->OnClose();
   wrap->handle_wrap_queue_.Remove();
 
-  if (!wrap->persistent().IsEmpty() &&
-      wrap->object()->Has(env->context(), env->handle_onclose_symbol())
-      .FromMaybe(false)) {
+  if (!env->isolate()->IsExecutionTerminating() &&
+      !wrap->persistent().IsEmpty() &&
+      wrap->object()
+          ->Has(env->context(), env->handle_onclose_symbol())
+          .FromMaybe(false)) {
     wrap->MakeCallback(env->handle_onclose_symbol(), 0, nullptr);
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/common/index.mjs b/test/common/index.mjs
index ca2994f6e13..ec9d6ce8b24 100644
--- a/test/common/index.mjs
+++ b/test/common/index.mjs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ const {
   skipIfDumbTerminal,
   skipIfEslintMissing,
   skipIfInspectorDisabled,
+  skipIfWorker,
   spawnPromisified,
 } = common;
 
@@ -104,5 +105,6 @@ export {
   skipIfDumbTerminal,
   skipIfEslintMissing,
   skipIfInspectorDisabled,
+  skipIfWorker,
   spawnPromisified,
 };
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-mock.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-mock.mjs
index 164d0ac3775..0d39f549581 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-mock.mjs
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-mock.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-import '../common/index.mjs';
+import { skipIfWorker } from '../common/index.mjs';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { mock } from '../fixtures/es-module-loaders/mock.mjs';
+// Importing mock.mjs above will call `register` to modify the loaders chain.
+// Modifying the loader chain is not supported currently when running from a worker thread.
+// Relevant PR: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/52706
+// See comment: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/52706/files#r1585144580
+skipIfWorker();
 
 mock('node:events', {
   EventEmitter: 'This is mocked!'
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-threads.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-threads.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7310a9ac5b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-threads.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { spawnPromisified } from '../common/index.mjs';
+import * as fixtures from '../common/fixtures.mjs';
+import { strictEqual } from 'node:assert';
+import { execPath } from 'node:process';
+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+
+describe('off-thread hooks', { concurrency: true }, () => {
+  it('uses only one hooks thread to support multiple application threads', async () => {
+    const { code, signal, stdout, stderr } = await spawnPromisified(execPath, [
+      '--no-warnings',
+      '--import',
+      `data:text/javascript,${encodeURIComponent(`
+        import { register } from 'node:module';
+        register(${JSON.stringify(fixtures.fileURL('es-module-loaders/hooks-log.mjs'))});
+      `)}`,
+      fixtures.path('es-module-loaders/workers-spawned.mjs'),
+    ]);
+
+    strictEqual(stderr, '');
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line.startsWith('initialize')).length, 1);
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line === 'foo').length, 2);
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line === 'bar').length, 4);
+    // Calls to resolve/load:
+    // 1x  main script: test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/workers-spawned.mjs
+    // 3x worker_threads
+    //    => 1x test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log.mjs
+    //       2x test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-again.mjs => once per worker-log.mjs Worker instance
+    // 2x test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log.mjs => once per worker-log.mjs Worker instance
+    // 4x test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-again.mjs => 2x for each worker-log
+    // 6x module-named-exports.mjs => 2x worker-log.mjs + 4x worker-log-again.mjs
+    // ===========================
+    // 16 calls to resolve + 16 calls to load hook for the registered custom loader
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line.startsWith('hooked resolve')).length, 16);
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line.startsWith('hooked load')).length, 16);
+    strictEqual(code, 0);
+    strictEqual(signal, null);
+  });
+
+  it('propagates the exit code from worker thread import exiting from resolve hook', async () => {
+    const { code, signal, stdout, stderr } = await spawnPromisified(execPath, [
+      '--no-warnings',
+      '--import',
+      `data:text/javascript,${encodeURIComponent(`
+        import { register } from 'node:module';
+        register(${JSON.stringify(fixtures.fileURL('es-module-loaders/hooks-exit-worker.mjs'))});
+      `)}`,
+      fixtures.path('es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-resolve.mjs'),
+    ]);
+
+    strictEqual(stderr, '');
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line.startsWith('resolve process-exit-module-resolve')).length, 1);
+    strictEqual(code, 42);
+    strictEqual(signal, null);
+  });
+
+  it('propagates the exit code from worker thread import exiting from load hook', async () => {
+    const { code, signal, stdout, stderr } = await spawnPromisified(execPath, [
+      '--no-warnings',
+      '--import',
+      `data:text/javascript,${encodeURIComponent(`
+        import { register } from 'node:module';
+        register(${JSON.stringify(fixtures.fileURL('es-module-loaders/hooks-exit-worker.mjs'))});
+      `)}`,
+      fixtures.path('es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-load.mjs'),
+    ]);
+
+    strictEqual(stderr, '');
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line.startsWith('resolve process-exit-module-load')).length, 1);
+    strictEqual(stdout.split('\n').filter((line) => line.startsWith('load process-exit-on-load:///')).length, 1);
+    strictEqual(code, 43);
+    strictEqual(signal, null);
+  });
+
+});
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.js
index 2c6f67288aa..00b7aebbfd1 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.js
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.js
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // Flags: --import ./test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports.mjs
 'use strict';
 
-require('../common');
+const common = require('../common');
+common.skipIfWorker();
+
 const { readFile, __fromLoader } = require('fs');
 const assert = require('assert');
 
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.mjs
index bbe9c96b92d..6e584b05aa2 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.mjs
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-named-exports.mjs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 // Flags: --import ./test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports.mjs
-import '../common/index.mjs';
-import { readFile, __fromLoader } from 'fs';
+import { skipIfWorker } from '../common/index.mjs';
+import * as fs from 'fs';
 import assert from 'assert';
 import ok from '../fixtures/es-modules/test-esm-ok.mjs';
+skipIfWorker();
 
 assert(ok);
-assert(readFile);
-assert(__fromLoader);
+assert(fs.readFile);
+assert(fs.__fromLoader);
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs
index a42b037fc1f..1064a6af502 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import '../common/index.mjs';
+import { skipIfWorker } from '../common/index.mjs';
 import * as fixtures from '../common/fixtures.mjs';
 import { register } from 'node:module';
 import assert from 'node:assert';
+skipIfWorker();
 
 async function resolve(referrer, context, next) {
   const result = await next(referrer, context);
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports.mjs
index 123b12c26bf..4e22f631eba 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports.mjs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isMainThread } from '../../common/index.mjs';
 import * as fixtures from '../../common/fixtures.mjs';
 import { createRequire, register } from 'node:module';
 
@@ -10,8 +11,10 @@ Object.defineProperty(globalThis, GET_BUILTIN, {
   configurable: false,
 });
 
-register(fixtures.fileURL('es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports-loader.mjs'), {
-  data: {
-    GET_BUILTIN,
-  },
-});
+if (isMainThread) {
+  register(fixtures.fileURL('es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports-loader.mjs'), {
+    data: {
+      GET_BUILTIN,
+    },
+  });
+}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-exit-worker.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-exit-worker.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d499a835e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-exit-worker.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+
+export function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
+	writeFileSync(1, `resolve ${specifier}\n`);
+  if (specifier === 'process-exit-module-resolve') {
+    process.exit(42);
+  }
+	
+  if (specifier === 'process-exit-module-load') {
+    return { __proto__: null, shortCircuit: true, url: 'process-exit-on-load:///' }
+  }
+  return next(specifier, context);
+}
+
+export function load(url, context, next) {
+	writeFileSync(1, `load ${url}\n`);
+  if (url === 'process-exit-on-load:///') {
+    process.exit(43);
+  }
+  return next(url, context);
+}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-log.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-log.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2d2512281e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-log.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+
+let initializeCount = 0;
+let resolveCount = 0;
+let loadCount = 0;
+
+export function initialize() {
+  writeFileSync(1, `initialize ${++initializeCount}\n`);
+}
+
+export function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
+  writeFileSync(1, `hooked resolve ${++resolveCount} ${specifier}\n`);
+  return next(specifier, context);
+}
+
+export function load(url, context, next) {
+  writeFileSync(1, `hooked load ${++loadCount} ${url}\n`);
+  return next(url, context);
+}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs
index bf66efbd081..7d53e31df91 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 import assert from 'node:assert';
 
 // A loader that asserts that the defaultResolve will throw "not found"
-// (skipping the top-level main of course, and the built-in ones needed for run-worker).
-let mainLoad = true;
 export async function resolve(specifier, { importAttributes }, next) {
-  if (mainLoad || specifier === 'path' || specifier === 'worker_threads') {
-    mainLoad = false;
-    return next(specifier);
+  if (specifier.startsWith('./not-found')) {
+    await assert.rejects(next(specifier), { code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
+    return {
+      url: 'node:fs',
+      importAttributes,
+    };
   }
-  await assert.rejects(next(specifier), { code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
-  return {
-    url: 'node:fs',
-    importAttributes,
-  };
+  return next(specifier);
 }
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-fail-on-load.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-fail-on-load.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..46e88664a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-fail-on-load.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import 'process-exit-module-load';
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-fail-on-resolve.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-fail-on-resolve.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e8e7adde425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-fail-on-resolve.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import 'process-exit-module-resolve';
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-again.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-again.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2969edc8dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-again.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { bar } from './module-named-exports.mjs';
+
+console.log(bar);
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-load.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-load.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..81797da392c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-load.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import { Worker } from 'worker_threads';
+import { foo } from './module-named-exports.mjs';
+
+const workerURLFailOnLoad = new URL('./worker-fail-on-load.mjs', import.meta.url);
+console.log(foo);
+
+// Spawn a worker that will fail to import a dependant module
+new Worker(workerURLFailOnLoad);
+
+process.on('exit', (code) => {
+	console.log(`process exit code: ${code}`)
+});
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-resolve.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-resolve.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b5ff238967f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log-fail-worker-resolve.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import { Worker } from 'worker_threads';
+import { foo } from './module-named-exports.mjs';
+
+const workerURLFailOnResolve = new URL('./worker-fail-on-resolve.mjs', import.meta.url);
+console.log(foo);
+
+// Spawn a worker that will fail to import a dependant module
+new Worker(workerURLFailOnResolve);
+
+process.on('exit', (code) => {
+	console.log(`process exit code: ${code}`)
+});
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..13290c37d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/worker-log.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { Worker } from 'worker_threads';
+import { foo } from './module-named-exports.mjs';
+
+const workerURL = new URL('./worker-log-again.mjs', import.meta.url);
+console.log(foo);
+
+// Spawn two workers
+new Worker(workerURL);
+new Worker(workerURL);
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/workers-spawned.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/workers-spawned.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..439847656fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/workers-spawned.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import { Worker } from 'worker_threads';
+
+const workerURL = new URL('./worker-log.mjs', import.meta.url);
+
+// Spawn two workers
+new Worker(workerURL);
+new Worker(workerURL);